Galimoto mwatsatanetsatane kuwala chubu fakitale

Mwatsatanetsatane wowala chubu ndi mtundu wapamwamba-mwatsatanetsatane zitsulo chubu zakuthupi pambuyo kujambula bwino kapena kugudubuzika ozizira. Chifukwa palibe wosanjikiza oxide pa mkati ndi kunja makoma a mwatsatanetsatane kuwala chitoliro, palibe kutayikira pansi kuthamanga kwambiri, mwatsatanetsatane mkulu, mkulu mapeto, palibe mapindikidwe ozizira kupinda, flaring, flattening ndipo palibe ming'alu, izo makamaka ntchito kupanga mankhwala. za ma pneumatic kapena hydraulic, monga silinda ya mpweya kapena silinda yamafuta, yomwe imatha kukhala chitoliro chopanda msoko kapena chitoliro chowotcherera. The mankhwala zikuchokera mwatsatanetsatane kuwala chubu monga carbon C, silicon Si, manganese Mn, sulfure s, phosphorous P ndi chromium CR. Mpweya wapamwamba kwambiri wa carbon zitsulo, kumaliza kugubuduza, chithandizo chopanda oxidizing chowala kwambiri (NBK state), kuyesa kosawononga, kupukuta ndi kuchapa kwambiri kwa chitoliro chamkati chamkati ndi zipangizo zapadera, mankhwala odana ndi kutupa ndi antirust mafuta pa chitoliro chachitsulo, ndi chithandizo cha fumbi chokhala ndi zophimba. pa malekezero onse awiri. Makoma amkati ndi akunja a chitoliro chachitsulo ndi olondola kwambiri komanso omaliza. Pambuyo mankhwala kutentha, chitsulo chitoliro alibe wosanjikiza okusayidi ndi ukhondo mkulu wa khoma lamkati. Chitoliro chachitsulo chimakhala ndi kuthamanga kwambiri, sichimapunduka panthawi yozizira, ndipo sichikhala ndi ming'alu pamene ikuphulika ndi kuphwanyidwa. The mwatsatanetsatane zitsulo chitoliro akhoza kukonzedwa zosiyanasiyana mapindikidwe zovuta ndi Machining. Mtundu wa chitoliro chachitsulo: choyera chowala, chonyezimira kwambiri. Magalimoto ndi makina Chalk ali ndi zofunika kwambiri kuti kulondola ndi mapeto a mapaipi zitsulo. Ogwiritsa ntchito chitoliro chachitsulo cholondola sikuti ndi ogwiritsa ntchito okha omwe ali ndi zofunika kwambiri zolondola komanso zomaliza. Chifukwa chitoliro chowoneka bwino chimakhala cholondola kwambiri ndipo kulolerako kumatha kusungidwa pa mawaya a 2-8, ogwiritsa ntchito makina ambiri akusintha pang'onopang'ono chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika kapena chitsulo chozungulira kukhala chitoliro chowala bwino kuti apulumutse kutayika kwa ntchito, zinthu ndi nthawi.

Mapangidwe a martensite amapezedwa ndikuzimitsa chubu chowala bwino komanso kutentha kwa 450 ~ 600 ℃; Kapena pambuyo kutentha pa 650 ℃, kudutsa 350 ~ 600 ℃ pa mlingo pang'onopang'ono kuzirala; Kapena pambuyo tempering pa 650 ℃ ndi Kutentha kwa nthawi yaitali mu kutentha osiyanasiyana 350 ~ 650 ℃, ndi mwatsatanetsatane kuwala chubu kutulutsa embrittlement. Ngati ebrittled 20 # mwatsatanetsatane zitsulo chubu ndi kutenthedwanso kwa 650 ℃ ndiyeno utakhazikika mwamsanga, kulimba akhoza kubwezeretsedwa. Chifukwa chake, imatchedwanso% 26ldquo; Kusintha kwa mkwiyo%26rdquo; The brittleness wa mkulu kutentha kutentha kumasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa toughness brittleness kusintha kutentha kwa mwatsatanetsatane kuwala chubu. Kutentha kwakukulu kumachepetsa brittleness. Kukhudzika nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana pakati pa kutentha kwa ductile brittle transition mu chikhalidwe cholimba ndi brittle state (% 26delta; T) Kuwonetsa. Kutentha koopsa kwa kutentha kwambiri, kumapangitsanso kuchulukana kwa intergranular fracture pakuthyoka kwa chubu chowala bwino.

Zotsatira za zinthu pa kutentha kwapamwamba kutentha brittleness mu chubu chowala bwino kwambiri amagawidwa mu: (1) zinthu zonyansa zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha kwambiri kutentha kwa chubu chowala bwino, monga phosphorous, malata, antimoni, ndi zina (2) Aloyi zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa kapena pang'onopang'ono. pansi brittleness wa kutentha tempering mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi madigiri. Chromium, manganese, faifi tambala ndi silicon zimagwira ntchito yolimbikitsa, pomwe molybdenum, tungsten ndi titaniyamu zimathandizira kuchedwetsa. Mpweya umathandizanso kwambiri. Machubu owoneka bwino a kaboni owoneka bwino sakhala olimba chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Chitsulo cha binary kapena multicomponent chomwe chili ndi chromium, manganese, nickel ndi silicon ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo kukhudzika kwake kumasiyana malinga ndi mtundu ndi zomwe zili mu aloyi.

Kukhudzika kwa kapangidwe koyambirira kwa chubu chowoneka bwino chowala kwambiri mpaka kutentha kwamphamvu kwachitsulo kumakhala kosiyana kwambiri. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa Martensite kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri, bainite yotentha kwambiri ndi yachiwiri, ndipo kamangidwe ka pearlite ndi kakang'ono kwambiri.

Zomwe zimatentha kwambiri pakutentha kwamphamvu kwa chubu chowala bwino nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa kuti ndi chifukwa cha tsankho la zinthu zonyansa monga phosphorous, malata, antimoni ndi arsenic pamalire ambewu ya austenite, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malire a tirigu awonongeke. Zinthu za aloyi monga manganese, faifi tambala ndi chromium zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zonyansa zomwe zili pamwambazi pamalire ambewu, zomwe zimathandizira kuchulukitsitsa kwa zinthu zodetsedwa ndikukulitsa kutukusira. M'malo mwake, molybdenum imakhala ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi phosphorous ndi zinthu zina zonyansa, zomwe zimatha kutulutsa mpweya mu kristalo ndikulepheretsa kugawanika kwa phosphorous m'malire a tirigu, zomwe zingachepetse kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwapamwamba. Zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimakhalanso ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi molybdenum. Titaniyamu imatha kulimbikitsa mpweya wa phosphorous ndi zinthu zina zonyansa mu krustalo, kuti ifooketse malire a malire a zinthu zodetsedwa ndikuchepetsa kuzizira kwambiri.

Miyezo yochepetsera kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa machubu owoneka bwino ndi awa: (1) pambuyo pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuziziritsa kwamafuta kapena kuzizira kwamadzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tsankho la zinthu zodetsedwa pamalire ambewu (2) Pamene molybdenum Zomwe zili muzitsulo zimawonjezeka kufika pa 0,7%, chizolowezi cha embrittlement cha kutentha kwapamwamba chimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Kupitilira malire awa, machubu 20 # olondola achitsulo amapanga ma carbides apadera olemera mu molybdenum, zomwe zili mu molybdenum mu masanjidwewo zimachepa, ndipo chizolowezi chowoneka bwino cha machubu owoneka bwino chimawonjezeka (3) kuchepetsa 20 # zomwe zili ndi zinthu zosadetsedwa mu chitoliro chachitsulo cholondola (4) ) N'zovuta kupewa embrittlement mbali ntchito mu mkulu-kutentha tempering embrittlement m'dera kwa nthawi yaitali powonjezera molybdenum yekha. Pokhapokha pochepetsa 20 # zodetsa zomwe zili mu chitoliro chachitsulo cholondola, kuwongolera chitoliro chowoneka bwino, chophatikizidwa ndi ma aluminiyamu ophatikizika ndi zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zimatha kupewedwa bwino.